How to Hire a Metal Fabricator in Canada?

How to Hire a Metal Fabricator in Canada?

How to Hire a Metal Fabricator in Canada?

From soaring skyscrapers to intricate custom furniture, the art of metal fabrication forms the core of many visionary projects across Canada. Yet, bringing these visions to life with precision and artistry requires the expertise of a skilled metal fabricator.

The task of hiring such adept metal fabricators, however, presents its own set of challenges. At Hookjobs, we have access to an extensive network of highly skilled job seekers who can significantly enhance the quality of your business. In this article, we aim to illuminate our methodical approach to identifying and hiring the most professional metal fabricators in Canada.

How we Help you Hire a Metal Fabricator in Canada?

At Hookjobs, we simplify your journey to hire a top-tier metal fabricator by leveraging our expansive network of skilled professionals. Our systematic approach, rooted in years of experience, streamlines the recruitment process, ensuring you connect with the most qualified and professional metal fabricators for your specific needs.

The following flowchart represents the fundamental steps we take to hire the most proficient metal fabricator in Canada:

How to Hire a Metalworking Machine Operator in Canada

1. Needs Analysis

Our recruitment process commences with a meticulous needs analysis, allowing us to tailor our strategies precisely to meet your metal fabricator staffing requirements.

Our process begins with developing an inception report covering every aspect of the metal fabricator position. This report serves as a fundamental plan, outlining the specific attributes, qualifications, and characteristics you seek in the metal fabricators you plan to bring on board.

Here are key considerations we take into account when conducting a needs analysis before hiring a metal fabricator:

  • Project complexity and scale: We start by thoroughly understanding the complexity and scale of your project. For instance, if you’re working on a large-scale industrial construction project encompassing fabricating complex structural components, we ensure that the metal fabricators we source have experience with similar projects.
  • Welding methods and techniques: Depending on your projects, different welding methods and techniques may be required. For example, if your project involves precision welding of stainless steel components for a pharmaceutical facility, we seek candidates with expertise in TIG welding, known for its precision and clean welds.
  • Material expertise: The type of metal being used is crucial. If your project involves working extensively with aluminum, we seek metal fabricators who have a proven track record in handling aluminum fabrication, ensuring they are well-versed in the unique characteristics and challenges of this material.
  • Industry standards and codes: We determine if your project needs to comply with specific industry standards or codes, such as ASME or API. For instance, if you’re working on a project for the oil and gas sector, we ensure that candidates possess the necessary certifications and knowledge to meet these stringent standards.
  • Welder qualifications: Depending on the project’s requirements, we look for welder qualifications and certifications that match. If you need a welder for a pressure vessel fabrication project, we verify that candidates possess the expertise in pressure vessel welding.
  • Project timeline and deadlines: Understanding your project timeline is crucial. If you have a tight deadline for, say, a bridge construction project, we source metal fabricators with a track record of meeting deadlines without compromising on quality.
  • Location and mobility: If your project spans multiple locations, we consider candidates’ willingness and ability to travel and work at different job sites. For instance, if you have projects in both urban and remote areas, we assess their adaptability to diverse work environments.
  • Company culture and team dynamics: We ensure that metal fabricator candidates possess the technical skills, align with your organization’s culture, and can work effectively within your team, fostering a collaborative and productive work environment.

2. Job Posting

Upon understanding your business’s needs, we promote your job opening and attract skilled metal fabricators by utilizing various social media platforms and channels to reach a vast pool of metal fabricator talent in Canada.

Here’s an example of how we post your vacancy for the metal fabricator position:

Job Title: Metal Fabricator

Location: Canada

Are you a highly skilled metal fabricator passionate about crafting precision metalwork? We are a leading metal fabrication company in Canada, actively seeking a talented Metal Fabricator to join our team in Toronto, Ontario.

As a Metal Fabricator, you will play a pivotal role in our production process, using your expertise to shape and assemble metal components with precision and craftsmanship.

Responsibilities:

  • Employing various tools and equipment to cut, bend, shape, and assemble metal components, adhering to engineering drawings and specifications.
  • Executing various welding techniques, including MIG, TIG, and Arc welding, to proficiently join metal parts and ensure structural integrity.
  • Conducting meticulous inspections of finished products to uphold quality and accuracy, making necessary adjustments to meet design specifications.
  • Skillfully reading and interpreting engineering blueprints to ensure accurate fabrication.
  • Meticulously measuring and planning to reduce waste during the metal fabrication process.
  • Expertly setting up metalwork machinery, including rollers, drill presses, flame cutters, brakes, and shears, to facilitate efficient production.
  • Strictly adhering to safety protocols and guidelines to maintain a secure and accident-free work environment.
  • Closely collaborating with team members and engineers to troubleshoot and enhance fabrication processes.
  • Efficiently managing metalworking materials to minimize waste and ensure proper usage.
  • Performing routine maintenance on fabrication equipment to ensure optimal functionality.

Requirements:

  • Previous experience as a metal fabricator or in a related role is preferred.
  • Proficiency in metalworking techniques and equipment operation.
  • Expertise in reading and interpreting engineering drawings and blueprints.
  • Exceptional attention to detail and a commitment to delivering top-quality work.
  • Strong ability to work independently and as part of a team.
  • Dedication to workplace safety and strict adherence to safety protocols.
  • Eligibility to work in Canada.
  • Relevant certifications or licenses are considered an asset.

If you’re a dedicated and highly skilled metal fabricator eager to join a dynamic team and contribute to the creation of precision metal products, we invite you to apply. Join us in our mission to provide top-tier metal fabrication solutions to our clients. Your role as a metal fabricator will be central to our commitment to quality and excellence. Apply now to become a valued member of our metalworking team.

3. Resume Screening

Our recruiters at Hookjobs thoroughly review the resumes submitted by metal fabricator applicants to ensure they meet your minimum criteria before moving forward in the hiring process.

During the resume review, our primary emphasis is on the certifications that are pertinent to the role, guaranteeing that candidates possess the necessary expertise to excel as professional metal fabricators within your organization.

Here are some of the most essential metal fabrication certifications in Canada that we consider:

  • Canadian Welding Bureau (CWB) Certification: CWB is a widely recognized certification for welders and metal fabricators in Canada. It covers various welding processes and positions, ensuring that fabricators can consistently produce high-quality welds.
  • Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) Steel Structures Certification: This certification is crucial for metal fabricators involved in steel construction and fabrication. It demonstrates expertise in working with steel structures and ensures compliance with industry standards and codes.
  • Red Seal Endorsement: The Red Seal endorsement, also known as the Interprovincial Red Seal Program, is a national certification program for skilled trades, including metal fabrication. It signifies that a worker has met the national standards for their trade.
  • Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Certification: This certification demonstrates knowledge of workplace safety regulations and practices, which is crucial in a metal fabrication environment to prevent accidents and injuries.
  • Fall Protection Certification: Metal fabricators often work at heights, so having certification in fall protection is essential to ensure their safety and compliance with safety regulations.
  • First Aid and CPR Certification: Basic first aid and CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) training is crucial for handling emergencies and providing immediate medical assistance in case of injuries.
  • Occupational First Aid (OFA) Certification: This certification goes beyond basic first aid and equips fabricators with advanced skills to handle workplace injuries effectively.
  • Forklift Operator Certification: Metal fabricators may need to operate forklifts and other material-handling equipment. Proper certification ensures they can do so safely and efficiently.
  • Lift Truck Operator Certification: If fabricators operate lift trucks (such as scissor lifts or boom lifts), this certification is necessary to ensure safe operation.
  • Hoisting and Rigging Certification: Fabricators involved in heavy lifting and rigging should have this certification to ensure the safe and efficient handling of materials.
  • Confined Space Entry Certification: In certain metal fabrication scenarios, workers may need to enter confined spaces. Certification in this area is vital for their safety.
  • Gas Fitter Certification: If a metal fabrication process involves gas cutting or welding, a gas fitter certification may be required to handle gas-related equipment safely.

 

Other essential certifications for a metal fabricator in different provinces of Canada are illustrated in the following table:

 

Province

Certifications/Endorsements

Alberta

Journeyman Certificate

British Columbia

Technical Safety BC CertificationBC Welder Certification (Level A, B, or C)

Quebec

ASP Construction Card (mandatory for construction workers)

Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan Boilermaker Certificate–  Fabricator-Welder Certificate

Manitoba

Industrial Metals Fabrication

Nova Scotia

Metal Fabrication Training Program

New Brunswick

Metal Fabricator (Fitter) – Apprenticeship and Occupational Certification

Besides these certificates, we must ensure the metal fabricator candidates possess the following qualities:

It’s essential to review metal fabricator candidates’ portfolios to assess the quality and diversity of their past work. We look for examples that showcase their craftsmanship, attention to detail, and creative abilities in metal fabrication.

We also prioritize candidates with relevant experience in metal fabrication, especially if their past projects align with your company’s needs. We assess their experience to examine its relevance and the complexity of their projects.

Basic math skills are necessary for accurately measuring, calculating, and reading technical drawings. We must ensure that the metal fabricator applicants possess sufficient proficiency in this area to ensure precision in their work.

We must ensure metal fabricators are physically fit for the role’s demands, such as the ability to handle heavy materials, work in various positions, and endure extended periods of physical labour.

4. Job Interview

Once we have reviewed the metal fabricator candidates’ resumes, we invite the shortlisted ones for a face-to-face interview with our recruiters. This interview helps us better gauge their capabilities as a top-tier metal fabricator.

The following includes some general and technical questions we typically ask when hiring a metal fabricator:

  • General Questions:
    • Tell us about your experience as a metal fabricator. What types of projects have you worked on in the past?
    • Can you describe a challenging situation you encountered during a metal fabrication project and how you resolved it?
    • How do you prioritize safety in your work? Can you provide examples of safety measures you’ve implemented in previous roles?
    • What motivated you to become a metal fabricator, and why do you enjoy this profession?
    • How do you stay updated on the latest trends and technologies in metal fabrication?
    • Describe your approach to working in a team environment. How do you collaborate with colleagues to achieve project goals?
    • Can you share an example of a project where you had to meet tight deadlines? How did you manage your time effectively to complete the project on time?
    • Is there any kind of tools and equipment at which you are most proficient in metal fabrication?
  • Technical Questions:
    • How do you ensure accurate measurements and cuts when working with metal?
    • What welding techniques are you experienced in, and can you explain when you would use each of them?
    • When reading engineering blueprints and technical drawings, what are the key elements you pay attention to, and how do you ensure accuracy in your work based on these documents?
    • Can you describe the differences between various types of metals and alloys commonly used in metal fabrication? How do you select the appropriate material for a project?
    • What safety precautions do you take when using heavy machinery and equipment?
    • How do you handle and minimize waste in metal fabrication processes to optimize material usage and reduce costs?
    • Have you worked with computer-aided design (CAD) software for metal fabrication? If so, which programs are you familiar with, and how have you used them in your work?
    • How do you incorporate creativity and artistic elements into your metal fabrications? Can you share examples from your portfolio?
    • What types of metals and materials have you worked with in your previous roles, and how do you adapt to different fabrication techniques and processes when handling various materials?
    • Describe any specialized certifications or training you have obtained that make you particularly suited for this role.

5. Checking References 

During the interview with metal fabricator candidates, we ask for their references’ contact information. This allows us to get in touch with these references and inquire about the candidates’ fabrication skills, work ethics, and overall job performance.

To verify the metal fabricator candidates’ performance, we typically take the following steps to check the references:

  • Contacting references: We reach out to the provided references within the metal fabrication industry, including previous supervisors, colleagues, or clients who can provide insights specific to the demands of the metal fabrication field.
  • Assessing welding skills: We inquire about the metal fabricators’ welding proficiency, including their expertise in various welding techniques, ability to handle different metals and alloys, and the quality of their welds in past projects.
  • Evaluating fabrication techniques: We ask the references to provide insights into the candidates’ fabrication techniques, such as their ability to read and interpret technical drawings, use of metalwork machinery, and adherence to fabrication standards.
  • Workplace safety: We discuss the metal fabricators’ commitment to safety protocols in a metal fabrication environment, including their adherence to safety regulations and their role in maintaining a safe work environment.
  • Problem-solving abilities: We also ask the references about the metal fabricator candidates’ problem-solving skills in the context of metal fabrication projects, including their ability to troubleshoot technical issues and address challenges effectively.
  • Team collaboration: We inquire about how well the candidates collaborate with colleagues in a metal fabrication team, emphasizing the importance of teamwork in this field.
  • Adaptability to materials: References provide insights into the candidates’ adaptability when working with various metals and materials commonly used in metal fabrication and their ability to choose the right materials for specific projects.
  • Project management: We discuss the candidates’ experience in managing metal fabrication projects, meeting deadlines, and efficiently coordinating tasks.
  • Communication in technical context: We ask about the candidates’ communication skills within the metal fabrication context, including their ability to effectively convey technical information and collaborate with colleagues and supervisors.
  • Maintaining confidentiality: Throughout the reference-checking process, we uphold strict confidentiality and respect the privacy of the candidates and their references.
  • Documenting and reporting results: After gathering information from references, we meticulously document the feedback and compile a comprehensive report. This report is then used in our candidate evaluation process.

6. Assessing the Metal Fabricator Candidates

Once we have ensured the reliability of the metal fabricators’ skills, our recruiting team assesses their abilities through a comprehensive evaluation process.

To meticulously gauge their capabilities, we give the metal fabricator candidates a series of tasks, as follows:

  • Welding proficiency: We assign welding tasks that align with the metal fabricators’ claimed proficiency levels. This may include various welding techniques and different types of metals to assess their practical skills.
  • Reading technical drawings: Metal fabricator candidates are presented with technical drawings related to metal fabrication projects. We evaluate their ability to interpret and understand these drawings accurately.
  • Precision measurement: We include tasks that require candidates to take precise measurements and make accurate cuts, ensuring their ability to work with precision.
  • Equipment Operation: We ask the candidates to operate metalwork machinery and tools, such as rollers, drill presses, flame cutters, brakes, and shears, to assess their familiarity and competence with equipment commonly used in metal fabrication.
  • Problem-solving challenges: We present the prospective metal fabricators with real-world fabrication challenges and evaluate their problem-solving skills in finding effective solutions.
  • Material selection: To assess metal fabricators’ knowledge and decision-making abilities, we have the applicants select appropriate metals and materials for specific fabrication projects.
  • Safety procedures: We ensure candidates adhere to safety protocols during tasks, evaluating their commitment to maintaining a safe work environment.
  • Communication and collaboration: Candidates may be required to work in teams to complete certain tasks, allowing us to assess their communication and teamwork skills.
  • Time management: We also monitor the metal fabricators’ efficiency in completing tasks within given timeframes, which is crucial in meeting project deadlines.

7.Training the Metal Fabricators 

Following the evaluation process, we select the accepted metal fabricators for additional training tailored to your metal industry’s specific demands.

Our trainers at Hookjobs train the metal fabricator candidates, focusing on the following techniques:

  • Your specific metal fabrication techniques: We provide training in the precise techniques integral to your metal fabrication processes. This may include CNC machining, TIG welding, laser cutting, or robotic welding, ensuring that candidates are well-versed in the methods specific to your industry.
  • Safety standards: We train the metal fabricators on adhering to strict safety standards, ensuring a secure work environment and compliance with your metal fabrication industry regulations.
  • Environmental responsibility: We emphasize environmentally responsible practices in metal fabrication, aligning with industry trends toward sustainability and eco-friendly practices.
  • Quality control: Our training includes robust quality control measures that align with your industry’s exacting standards, guaranteeing that fabricated metal products consistently meet or exceed expectations.
  • Project management: We equip your potential metal fabricators with project management skills tailored to the complexities of your industry, enabling them to effectively plan, coordinate, and execute projects within tight deadlines.
  • New trends in the metal fabrication industry: Our training program is also designed to incorporate cutting-edge developments, such as emerging technologies, automation, and sustainable practices, ensuring that candidates are well-prepared to navigate and contribute to the evolving landscape of metal fabrication.

8. Drawing up a Contract 

The final stage in our recruitment procedure includes signing a contract with the accepted metal fabricators. By consulting with our legal advisors in Canada, we draw up a contract with the potential metal fabricators.

Here are some points we consider when drawing up a contract with the prospective metal fabricators:

  • Scope of work: We outline the precise scope of the metal fabrication projects the fabricators will be responsible for, specifying the types of materials, techniques, and equipment involved.
  • Project timelines: We establish clear project timelines and deadlines, ensuring that fabricators have a well-defined schedule to follow to meet project milestones.
  • Quality standards: We emphasize the importance of adhering to your industry’s quality standards and specifications, maintaining the highest levels of craftsmanship in all fabricated components.
  • Safety protocols: We include safety protocols and guidelines in the contract, emphasizing the critical role of safety in metal fabrication processes.
  • Materials and equipment: We specify the types of materials and equipment that will be provided to fabricators, ensuring they have access to the necessary resources to complete projects effectively.
  • Payment structure: We detail the payment structure, including rates, milestones, and any performance-based incentives, to ensure a fair compensation arrangement for fabricators.
  • Confidentiality: We include clauses related to confidentiality and non-disclosure, safeguarding any proprietary information or designs involved in the projects.
  • Insurance and liability: We address insurance and liability matters, clarifying the responsibilities and coverage in case of unforeseen incidents during fabrication projects.
  • Termination and dispute resolution: We outline the conditions under which the contract can be terminated and establish dispute resolution mechanisms to handle any disagreements.
  • Performance evaluation: We include provisions for performance evaluations, ensuring regular assessments of fabricators’ work quality and adherence to project requirements.
  • Compliance with regulations: We emphasize compliance with industry regulations, codes, and safety standards, underscoring the fabricators’ responsibility to operate within legal boundaries.
  • Client communication: We specify the communication channels and expectations for interactions between fabricators and your company’s project management team or clients.
  • Environmental responsibility: We highlight the importance of environmentally responsible practices, aligning with industry trends toward sustainability.

Labour Laws and Regulations for Hiring a Metal Fabricator in Canada 

Hiring a metal fabricator in Canada requires adherence to various labour laws and regulations to ensure compliance with federal and provincial guidelines. Below are key considerations:

  • Workplace safety regulations: You must strictly adhere to Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations. These laws govern the safe operation of equipment, handling of hazardous materials, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). You are responsible for providing a safe work environment and ensuring employees receive proper safety protocol training.
  • Machine and equipment safety: Metal fabricators often work with heavy machinery and equipment. You must comply with regulations related to the maintenance and safety of these machines. Regular inspections and safety measures are essential to prevent accidents.
  • Welding and fume exposure: Metal welding generates fumes that can harm employees’ health. Therefore, you must implement measures to minimize exposure, such as adequate ventilation and the use of respiratory protection when necessary. Understanding and complying with regulations related to welding safety is crucial.
  • Work hours and overtime: Be aware of the maximum allowable working hours in your province for metal fabricators. Overtime pay rates should be calculated correctly for any hours worked beyond the standard workweek.
  • Minimum wage: Ensure that metal fabricators are paid at least the minimum wage as set by the provincial or territorial government.
  • Worker’s compensation: In the event of a workplace injury, you must report incidents and provide necessary support to injured employees. Understanding worker’s compensation laws and regulations is crucial for handling such situations.
  • Health and safety training: You are responsible for providing comprehensive health and safety training to metal fabricators. This includes training on the safe operation of machinery, handling of materials, and emergency response procedures.
  • Personal protective equipment (PPE): Ensure employees can access and are properly trained to use required PPE, such as safety goggles, gloves, and ear protection.
  • Termination and severance: Familiarize yourself with labour laws regarding employee termination and severance pay, especially if layoffs become necessary.
  • Unionization: If your metal fabrication business is unionized, understand the collective bargaining agreement and labour relations laws that govern employer-employee relationships in a unionized environment.

What is the Average Wage for Hiring a Metal Fabricator in Canada?

The average wage for hiring a metal fabricator in Canada can vary depending on several factors, including the region, level of experience, skills, and the specific employer. In Canada, a metal fabricator typically earns $51,675 annually (equal to $26.50 per hour), with novice metal fabricators making $41,925 annually and more experienced ones earning up to $67,697 per year.

Canada’s average wage for hiring a metal fabricator can differ between provinces. The table below provides an overview of the average wages in various Canadian provinces in 2023:

Province

Average Wage

British Columbia

$73,735

Nova Scotia

$62,400

Alberta

$60,450

Saskatchewan

$58,457

New Brunswick

$57,154

Ontario

$48,750

Quebec

$39,975

Manitoba

$37,084

Different Types of Metal Fabricators we Hire in Canada

In Canada, various types of metal fabricators are hired to meet the diverse needs of industries. These metal fabricators possess specialized skills and expertise in specific areas of metal fabrication.

Here are the different types of metal fabricators and related trades we commonly hire in Canada:

Welders specialize in joining metal parts and structures using various welding techniques such as MIG, TIG, and stick welding. They are crucial for creating strong and durable metal connections.

These professionals work with thin metal sheets, cutting, bending, and shaping them to create various products, from HVAC ducts to automotive components.

Structural fabricators focus on creating large metal structures, such as bridges, buildings, and industrial frameworks. They assemble and weld together components to construct robust structures.

Pipefitters specialize in working with metal pipes, ensuring they are correctly installed, interconnected, and sealed. They are essential in industries like plumbing, HVAC, and construction.

Metal machinists operate various machines, including lathes, mills, and CNC machines, to cut, shape, and finish metal parts with precision. They are skilled in machining techniques.

Metal finishers are responsible for improving the appearance and corrosion resistance of metal products through processes like polishing, plating, and painting.

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) operators program and operate CNC machines to create precise metal components according to engineering designs.

While less common, blacksmiths work with metal through traditional forging techniques to create custom metal products, including decorative pieces and tools.

These specialists work primarily with aluminum, cutting and shaping it to create products ranging from window frames to aircraft components.

Stainless steel fabricators work with corrosion-resistant stainless steel to create products for industries like food processing, medicine, and architecture.

In artistic contexts, metal sculptors use metal fabrication techniques to create sculptures and art installations.

These professionals specialize in creating prototypes of metal components or products, often for research and development purposes.

Custom metal fabricators take on unique projects that require specialized skills and craftsmanship to produce one-of-a-kind metal products.

Aerospace fabricators work with specialized materials and adhere to stringent quality standards to produce components for the aerospace industry.

Automotive fabricators create vehicle parts and components, including body panels, exhaust systems, and custom modifications.

Takeaway

Skilled metal fabricators are the foundation of a more durable and promising future in the field of metal fabrication, where their role goes beyond mere fabrication to shaping the core of your projects and products. At Hookjobs, we understand the unique challenges of hiring experienced metal fabricators in Canada. With our track record of connecting employers with the right candidates, we’re here to simplify your hiring process and meet your employment needs within the specialized domain of metal fabrication.

FAQs

Q1. Are metal fabricators in demand in Canada?

A: Yes, metal fabricators are in demand in Canada, particularly in industries like construction, manufacturing, and aerospace. The demand for skilled metal fabricators can vary by region and industry sector.

Q2. How many hours do metal fabricators usually work in Canada?

A: Metal fabricators in Canada typically work standard full-time hours, around 40 hours per week. However, the specific hours may vary depending on the employer and project requirements.

Q3. Should I provide the metal fabricators with the necessary tools?

A: Providing necessary tools and equipment, especially for specialized tasks, can be beneficial. However, whether you provide tools or expect fabricators to bring their own can depend on your employment agreement and the nature of the work.

Q4. What safety precautions should metal fabricators take?

A: Metal fabricators should follow strict safety protocols, including wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), ensuring proper ventilation, and following Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations. They should also be trained to use equipment safely and be aware of potential hazards.

Q5. Can I hire metal fabricators from other countries?

A: Yes, it’s quite possible. However, you may need to obtain a Labour Market Impact Assessment (LMIA) from the Government of Canada, which assesses the impact of hiring foreign workers on the Canadian labour market.

Q6. What are the industry-specific trends in metal fabrication in Canada?

A: Industry trends in metal fabrication may include advancements in automation, sustainable practices, and the adoption of computer-aided design (CAD) software. Staying updated with industry trends can help you remain competitive.

Q7. What are the benefits of hiring metal fabricators through a recruitment agency?

A: Hiring metal fabricators through a recruitment agency can save you time and effort in sourcing and screening candidates. Agencies often have access to a pool of pre-screened and qualified candidates, streamlining the hiring process.

Q8. What’s the difference between a welder and a metal fabricator?

A: Welders specialize in joining metal pieces through welding techniques, while metal fabricators have a broader scope. Metal fabricators work on various aspects of metalwork, including cutting, shaping, assembly, and finishing, often involving various techniques beyond welding.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *